The use of miswak for oral hygiene serves dual function, i.e., mechanical plaque control by friction between plant fibers and tooth surface and chemical plaque control due to its chemical composition. A number of scientific studies have demonstrated that the miswak (Salvadora persica) possesses antibacterial, anti-fungal, anti-viral, anti-cariogenic, and anti-plaque properties. Several studies have also claimed that miswak has anti-oxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory effects. Miswak sticks effectively prevent plaque build-up because they contain natural ingredients that kill the bacteria that causes tartar. They are able to naturally whiten teeth through the use of mild abrasives that do not jeopardize the tooth's enamel. The miswak also naturally contains silica, which is sometimes added to toothpastes as an abrasive or teeth whitening compound.